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          什么是URL？网址的组成
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        <p>和 <span class="exturl" data-url="aHR0cHM6Ly9kZXZlbG9wZXIubW96aWxsYS5vcmcvZW4tVVMvZG9jcy9HbG9zc2FyeS9IeXBlcnRleHQ=" title="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Hypertext">Hypertext<i class="fa fa-external-link"></i></span> 以及 <span class="exturl" data-url="aHR0cHM6Ly9kZXZlbG9wZXIubW96aWxsYS5vcmcvZW4tVVMvZG9jcy9HbG9zc2FyeS9IVFRQ" title="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/HTTP">HTTP<i class="fa fa-external-link"></i></span> 一样，URL是Web中的一个核心概念。它是<span class="exturl" data-url="aHR0cHM6Ly9kZXZlbG9wZXIubW96aWxsYS5vcmcvZW4tVVMvZG9jcy9HbG9zc2FyeS9Ccm93c2Vy" title="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Browser">浏览器<i class="fa fa-external-link"></i></span>用来检索web上公布的任何资源的机制。</p>
<p>URL指的是统一资源定位符（Uniform Resource Locator）。URL无非就是一个给定的独特资源在Web上的地址。理论上说，每个有效的URL都指向一个独特的资源。这个资源可以是一个HTML页面，一个CSS文档，一幅图像，等等。而在实际中，有一些例外，最常见的情况就是URL指向了不存在的或是被移动过的资源。由于通过URL呈现的资源和URL本身由Web服务器处理，因此web服务器的拥有者需要认真地维护资源以及与它关联的URL。<br> <a id="more"></a></p>
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            <p>欢迎加入前端交流群：<a href="//shang.qq.com/wpa/qunwpa?idkey=f528775f242a7c39fe8512383febb8990e621bf97354c2fb82f6832097b7c501" target="_blank" rel="noopener">749539640</a> </p>
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<p>一些URL的示例：</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;developer.mozilla.org</span><br><span class="line">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;developer.mozilla.org&#x2F;en-US&#x2F;docs&#x2F;Learn&#x2F;</span><br><span class="line">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;developer.mozilla.org&#x2F;en-US&#x2F;search?q&#x3D;URL</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>一个URL由不同的部分组成，其中一些是必须的，而另一些是可选的。让我们以下面这个URL为例看看其中最重要的部分：</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">http:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.example.com:80&#x2F;path&#x2F;to&#x2F;myfile.html?key1&#x3D;value1&amp;key2&#x3D;value2#SomewhereInTheDocument</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<img src="mdn-url-protocol@x2.png"  >


<p>http:// 是协议。它表明了浏览器必须使用何种协议。它通常都是HTTP协议或是HTTP协议的安全版，即HTTPS。Web需要它们二者之一，但浏览器也知道如何处理其他协议，比如mailto:（打开邮件客户端）或者 ftp:（处理文件传输），所以当你看到这些协议时，不必惊讶。</p>
<img src="mdn-url-domain@x2.png"  >

<p><span class="exturl" data-url="aHR0cDovL3d3dy5leGFtcGxlLmNvbQ==" title="http://www.example.com">www.example.com<i class="fa fa-external-link"></i></span> 是域名。 它表明正在请求哪个Web服务器。或者，可以直接使用IP address, 但是因为它不太方便，所以它不经常在网络上使用。.</p>
<img src="mdn-url-port@x2.png"  >


<p>:80 是端口。 它表示用于访问Web服务器上的资源的技术“门”。如果Web服务器使用HTTP协议的标准端口（HTTP为80，HTTPS为443）来授予其资源的访问权限，则通常会被忽略。否则是强制性的。</p>
<img src="mdn-url-path@x2.png"  >


<p>/path/to/myfile.html 是网络服务器上资源的路径。在Web的早期阶段，像这样的路径表示Web服务器上的物理文件位置。如今，它主要是由没有任何物理现实的Web服务器处理的抽象。</p>
<img src="mdn-url-parameters@x2.png"  >


<p>?key1=value1&amp;key2=value2 是提供给网络服务器的额外参数。 这些参数是用 &amp; 符号分隔的键/值对列表。在返回资源之前，Web服务器可以使用这些参数来执行额外的操作。每个Web服务器都有自己关于参数的规则，唯一可靠的方式来知道特定Web服务器是否处理参数是通过询问Web服务器所有者。</p>
<img src="mdn-url-anchor@x2.png"  >


<p>#SomewhereInTheDocument 是资源本身的另一部分的锚点. 锚点表示资源中的一种“书签”，给浏览器显示位于该“加书签”位置的内容的方向。例如，在HTML文档上，浏览器将滚动到定义锚点的位置;在视频或音频文档上，浏览器将尝试转到锚代表的时间。值得注意的是，＃后面的部分（也称为片段标识符）从来没有发送到请求的服务器。</p>
<p>参考：<span class="exturl" data-url="aHR0cHM6Ly9kZXZlbG9wZXIubW96aWxsYS5vcmcvemgtQ04vZG9jcy9MZWFybi9Db21tb25fcXVlc3Rpb25zL1doYXRfaXNfYV9VUkw=" title="https://developer.mozilla.org/zh-CN/docs/Learn/Common_questions/What_is_a_URL">什么是url<i class="fa fa-external-link"></i></span></p>

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